Enfrentamiento de las infecciones de piel en el adulto / Managing adult skin infections

En la actualidad, las infecciones de piel y partes blandas forman parte de un alto porcentaje de las consultas en salud. Estas van desde infecciones leves, donde el manejo se realiza con tratamiento tópico, hasta aquellas con severo compromiso sistémico, requiriendo terapia antibiótica sistémica e incluso el desbridaje quirúrgico. En general, son producto de un desbalance entre los mecanismos de defensa de la barrera cutánea y los factores de virulencia y patogenicidad de los microorganismos que la afectan. Se pueden clasificar según distintos criterios, como por ejemplo, profundidad, gravedad, microorganismos involucrados y si estas son purulentas o no. El reconocer estas entidades clínicas es de suma importancia para llevar a cabo un adecuado tratamiento en los pacientes que presentan estas afecciones, ya que los diagnósticos erróneos llevan a las múltiples consultas con el consiguiente aumento de costos asociados en atención en salud.

Currently, skin and soft tissue infections are part of a high percentage of health consultations. These range from mild infections, where management is performed with topical treatment, to those with severe systemic compromise requiring systemic antibiotic therapy and even surgical debridement. In general, they are the product of an imbalance between the defense mechanisms of the skin barrier and the virulence and pathogenicity factors of the microorganisms that affect it, which can vary from bacterial, viral, fungal and parasites agents. Skin and soft tissue infections can be classified according to different criteria, such as depth, severity, microorganisms involved and whether they are purulent or not. Recognizing these clinical entities is of utmost importance to carry out adequate treatment in patients with these conditions, since erroneous diagnoses lead to multiple consultations with the consequent increase in costs associated with health care

Levels of the interleukins 17A, 22, and 23 and the S100 protein family in the gingival crevicular fluid of psoriatic patients with or without periodontitis,

Abstract Background: Psoriasis and periodontitis are immunologically mediated chronic inflammatory diseases. Epidemiologic evidence has linked both; however, the change of markers in gingival crevicular fluid has been poorly evaluated. Objective: To evaluate the levels of IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, S100A7, S100A8, and S100A9 in gingival crevicular fluid of psoriatic and healthy subjects with and without periodontitis and their relations to psoriasis severity. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Sample comprised the following groups: healthy controls without periodontitis or with mild periodontitis (n = 21), healthy controls with moderate or severe periodontitis (n = 18), individuals with psoriasis without or mild periodontitis (n = 11), and individuals with psoriasis and moderate or severe periodontitis (n = 32). Levels of IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, S100A8, and S100A9 were determined by multiplex assay and S100A7 was measured by ELISA. Results: No inter-group differences in the levels of IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, and S100A7 were found. S100A8 levels were higher in psoriatic patients than controls (p < 0.05). S100A8 was positively correlated with psoriasis severity in the group with psoriasis (p < 0.05). S100A9 exceeded the detection limits. Study limitations: This pilot study presents a small sample size. Conclusions: The concentrations of S100A8 were highest in psoriatic patients regardless of periodontal health/status. S100A8 was associated with the severity of psoriasis. The concentrations of interleukins and S100A7 were similar in psoriatic patients with or without periodontitis vs. healthy controls.

Presente y futuro del tratamiento biológico y moléculas pequeñas en la dermatitis atópica / Present and future of biological treatment and small molecules in atopic dermatitis

La dermatitis atópica (DA) es una condición inflamatoria crónica de la piel de etiología multifactorial. Buscando mejorar la respuesta clínica minimizando los efectos adversos y ampliar el arsenal terapéutico disponible, se ha dado pie al desarrollo de nuevos fármacos con resultados prometedores en la calidad de vida. Los inmunomoduladores sistémicos clásicos son considerados el tratamiento estándar en los casos de DA moderada a severa refractaria al tratamiento con corticoides tópicos. Estos se encasillan dentro de las denominadas moléculas pequeñas, junto con los inhibidores de Janus- en un efecto pleiotrópico en las citoquinas y por ende, no selectivo. Los medicamentos biológicos poseen ventajas frente a los inmunomoduladores clásicos, principalmente su mayor especificidad gracias a la similitud con las moléculas endógenas. Dupilumab se mantiene siendo el único fármaco biológico aprobado por la FDA para el tratamiento de la DA, con una seguridad a corto plazo demostrada. Algunas moléculas nuevas, como el tralokinumab y los inhibidores JAK, presentan resultados prometedores. De este grupo, abrocitinib pareciera posicionarse como una alternativa al menos similar que dupilumab. La creciente investigación de nuevas alternativas ha creado una revolución terapéutica para que nuestros pacientes puedan acceder a una mejor calidad de vida. No obstante, es difícil lograr comprender la efectividad y seguridad de cada uno de los tratamientos disponibles, por la falta de estudios comparativos. La siguiente revisión muestra las nuevas terapias biológicas y algunas moléculas pequeñas con evidencia para su uso en DA

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the skin with a multifactorial etiology. Seeking to improve the clinical response by minimizing adverse effects and expanding the available therapeutic arsenal, the development of new drugs has led to promising results on quality of life. Classic systemic immunomodulators are considered the standard treatment in cases of moderate to severe AD refractory to treatment with topical corticosteroids. These are classified into molecules, along with Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKs). Small molecules act on intracellular targets, with the inconveniency of producing a pleiotropic effect on cytokines and, therefore, non-selective actions. Biologics have advantages over classical immunomodulators, mainly their greater specificity thanks to the similarity between endogenous molecules. Dupilumab remains the only biologic drug approved by the FDA for the treatment of AD, with demonstrated short-term safety. Some new molecules, such as tralokinumab and JAK inhibitors, have shown promising results. Of this group, abrocitinib seems to be positioned as an alternative at least similar to dupilumab. The current investigation of new alternatives has created a therapeutic revolution so that we can offer our patients a better quality of life. However, it is difficult to understand the efficacy and safety of each of the available treatments due to the lack of comparative studies. The following review shows the new biological therapies and small molecules with evidence for their use in DA.

Immunogenicity to biological drugs in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis

Monoclonal antibodies or fusion proteins, defined as biological drugs, have modified the natural history of numerous immune-mediated disorders, allowing the development of therapies aimed at blocking the pathophysiological pathways of the disease, providing greater efficacy and safety than conventional treatment strategies. Virtually all therapeutic proteins elicit an immune response, producing anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) against hypervariable regions of immunoglobulins. Immunogenicity against biological drugs can alter their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, thereby reducing the efficacy of these drugs. In more severe cases, ADAs can neutralize the therapeutic effects of the drug or cause serious adverse effects, mainly hypersensitivity reactions. The prevalence of ADAs varies widely depending on the type of test used, occurrence of false-negative results, and non-specific binding to the drug, making it difficult to accurately assess their clinical impact. Concomitant use of immunosuppressors efficiently reduces the immunogenicity in a dose-dependent manner, either by decreasing the frequency of detectable ADAs or by delaying their appearance, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of biological therapies. Among the new therapeutic strategies for the management of psoriasis, biological agents have gained increasing importance in recent years as they interrupt key inflammation pathways involved in the physiopathology of the disease. Reports regarding ADA in new biologics are still scarce, but the most recent evidence tends to show little impact on the clinical response to the drug, even with prolonged treatment. It is therefore essential to standardize laboratory tests to determine the presence and titles of ADAs to establish their administration and management guidelines that allow the determination of the real clinical impact of these drugs.

Políticas públicas de promoción de estilos de vida saludable como forma de gobierno por medio de la comunidad / Políticas públicas para promover estilos de vida saudáveis como forma de governo através da comunidade / Public policies to promote healthy lifestyles as a form of government through community

Basado en un estudio de caso, este artículo avanza en la comprensión de los mecanismos concretos que encauzan procesos de subjetivación en el contexto de políticas públicas de promoción de estilos de vida saludable. Analiza el funcionamiento del Programa Vida Sana, implementado por el Gobierno de Chile en el marco del Sistema Elige Vivir Sano, por medio de entrevistas a beneficiarias y a la profesora responsable de las sesiones de actividad física del programa en una localidad de Santiago. Su análisis sugiere la coexistencia de una racionalidad de la elección, que tradicionalmente ha sido identificada con el discurso de la vida activa, con una racionalidad que enfatiza el cuidado mutuo entre los miembros de una comunidad. Se propone que esto tiene implicancias teóricas para la comprensión de las políticas públicas deportivas y de salud como forma de gobierno por medio de la comunidad.

Com base em um estudo de caso, este artigo avança na compreensão dos mecanismos específicos que canalizam os processos de subjetivação no contexto das políticas públicas para promover estilos de vida saudáveis. Analisa a operação do Programa Vida Sana, implementado pelo Governo do Chile, no âmbito do Sistema Escolha Uma Vida Saudável, por meio de entrevistas com beneficiários e a professora responsável pelas sessões de atividade física do programa em um distrito de Santiago. Sua análise sugere a convivência de uma racionalidade de escolha, que tradicionalmente tem sido identificada com o discurso da vida ativa, com uma racionalidade que enfatiza o cuidado mútuo entre os membros de uma comunidade. Propõe-se que isso tenha implicações teóricas para a compreensão das políticas públicas de esportes e saúde como forma de governo através da comunidade.

Based on a case study, this article advances in understanding the concrete mechanisms that channel subjectivation processes in the context of public policies to promote healthy lifestyles. It analyzes the operation of the Vida Sana Program, implemented by the Government of Chile within the framework of the Choose Healthy Living System, through interviews with beneficiaries and the teacher responsible for the program's physical activity sessions in a district of Santiago. Its analysis suggests the coexistence of a rationality of choice, which has traditionally been identified with the discourse of active life, with a rationality that emphasizes mutual care among members of a community. The study proposes that it has theoretical implications for understanding sports and health public policies as a form of governing through community.

Las Lógicas del Trabajo Moral en Telemedicina: Disputas en Torno a la Legitimidad de Políticas de Salud Digital / The Logics of Moral Work in Telemedicine: Disputes on the Legitimacy of Digital Health Policies / A Lógica do Trabalho Moral na Telemedicina: Disputas Sobre a Legitimidade das Políticas de Saúde Digital

Resumen: A partir del estudio de un programa de teleneurología implementado en Biobío, Chile, este artículo analiza las lógicas que articulan el trabajo moral de la medicina a distancia. Desde un enfoque pragmático informado por la semiótica material, la teoría de la subjetivación y la sociología de la moralidad, este artículo analiza tres lógicas que dan sentido a prácticas de valuación del programa de teleneurología. Ellas son desplegadas por actores que desempeñan roles distintos, generando puntos de tensión y encauzando la constante evolución de los entramados sociomateriales en que se realiza el cuidado de salud. Una lógica cívico industrial fundamenta discursos públicos que destacan la reducción de las listas de espera de especialidad como prueba de valor del programa de telemedicina. Desde una lógica de la seguridad, en tanto, personal médico prioriza la adopción de estándares que, orientados a controlar los riesgos implicados en la realización de medicina a distancia, son tenidos como válidos por una comunidad profesional. Por su parte, adoptando una lógica del cuidado, pacientes y médicos generales enfatizan el despliegue de prácticas orientadas a atender la situación particular que experimenta cada paciente. Se propone que reconocer las lógicas que distintos actores puedan adoptar para otorgar valor a las prácticas de cuidado de salud puede favorecer la comprensión, anticipación y resolución de las tensiones que emergen con la implementación de tecnologías de salud digital y telemedicina.

Abstract: Based on the study of a teleneurology program implemented in Biobío, Chile, this article analyses the logics that articulate the moral work of medicine at a distance. From a pragmatic approach informed by material semiotics, the theory of subjectivisation and the sociology of morality, this article analyses three logics that give meaning to practices of valuation of the teleneurology program. These are deployed by actors who play different roles, generating points of tension, and channeling the constant evolution of the socio-material networks in which health care is performed. A civic industrial logic underpins public discourses that highlight the reduction of waiting lists as proof of the value of the telemedicine program. From a safety logic, meanwhile, medical staff prioritizes the adoption of standards that, aimed at controlling the risks involved in the realisation of medicine remotely, are held as valid by a professional community. For their part, adopting logic of care, patients and general practitioners emphasize the deployment of practices aimed at attending the particular situation experienced by each patient. It is proposed that recognizing the logics that different actors may adopt when giving value to health care practices can promote understanding, anticipating and solving the tensions that arise with the implementation of digital health technologies and telemedicine.

Resumo: Com base no estudo de um programa de teleneurologia implementado em Biobío, Chile, este artigo analisa as lógicas que articulam o trabalho moral da medicina à distância. A partir de uma abordagem pragmática informada pela semiótica material, a teoria da subjetivação e a sociologia da moralidade, este artigo analisa três lógicas que dão sentido às práticas de valorização do programa de teleneurologia. Eles são implantados por atores que desempenham diferentes papéis, gerando pontos de estresse e canalizando a constante evolução dos tecidos sociomateriais nos quais os cuidados de saúde são realizados. Uma lógica cívica industrial apoia discursos públicos que destacam o declínio das listas de espera de especialidade como prova de valor do programa de telemedicina. A partir de uma lógica de segurança, entretanto, a equipe médica prioriza a adoção de padrões que, visando controlar os riscos envolvidos na realização da medicina remotamente, são mantidos como válidos por uma comunidade profissional. Por sua vez, adotar uma lógica de cuidado, pacientes e clínicos gerais enfatizam a implantação de práticas voltadas ao atendimento da situação particular vivenciada por cada paciente. Propõe-se que o reconhecimento das lógicas que diferentes atores podem adotar para valorizar as práticas de saúde pode promover a compreensão, antecipação e resolução das tensões que surgem com a implementação das tecnologias de saúde digital e telemedicina.

Estudio clínico-histopatológico de las eritrodermias en un hospital universitario: 14 años de experiencia / Clinical-histopathological study of erythroderma in a university hospital: 14 years of experience

INTRODUCCIÓN: La eritrodermia es un síndrome inflamatorio cutáneo infrecuente caracterizado por compromiso eritematoso generalizado y descamación, de más del 90% de superficie cutánea total. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar clínica e histopatológicamente a los pacientes con eritrodermia en un hospital universitario chileno. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio retrospectivo, realizado en el Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, basado en revisión de fichas clínicas e informes histopatológicos de pacientes con eritrodermia, entre 2005 y 2018. Se evaluó edad, sexo y variables clínicas (co-morbilidades, síntomas, días de evolución, ingreso hospitalario, informe histopatológico, diagnóstico y evolución). RESULTADOS: Total de 28 pacientes, 18 hombres (64%), edad promedio 59 años. Causa más frecuente de eritrodermia fue dermatosis pre-exis-tentes, con 15 casos (54%), que incluyen: psoriasis 9 (32%), dermatitis de contacto 3 (11%), PRP 2 (7%), dermatitis atópica 1 (4%). A estas le siguen: reacción adversa medicamentosa 6 (21%), idiopática 6 (21%) y Síndrome de Sezary 1 (4%). CONCLUSIÓN: El presente estudio corresponde a la primera serie de eritrodermias realizada en Chile. Destacan las dermatosis preexistentes como la principal causa, lo que se correlaciona con la literatura.

INTRODUCTION: Erythroderma is an infrequent cutaneous inflammatory disorder characterized by generalized erythematous compromise and desquamation, of more than 90% of total cutaneous surface. OBJECTIVE: Clinical and histopathological cha-racterization of patients with erythroderma in a Chilean university hospital. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective study, performed at the University of Chile Clinical Hospital, based on review of clinical records and histopatho-logical reports of patients with erythroderma, between 2005 and 2018. Age, sex and clinical variables were evaluated (co-morbidities, symp-toms, days of evolution, hospital admission, histopathological report, diagnosis and evolu-tion). RESULTS: A total of 28 patients, 18 were men (64%), average age 59 years. Most frequent cause of erythroderma was pre-existing dermatosis, with 13 cases (52%), which included: psoriasis 9 (32%), contact dermatitis 3 (11%), PRP 2 (7%), atopic dermatitis 1 (4%). These are followed by adverse drug eruption 6 (21%), idiopathic 6 (21%) and Sezary syndrome 1 (4%). CONCLUSION: The present study corresponds to the first series of erythrodermas performed in Chile. The pre-existing dermatoses were the main cause of erythroderma, which coincides with other reports.

Guía clínica chilena de urticaria crónica espontánea / Chilean guidelines for chronic urticaria

Chronic urticaria (CU) is characterized by itchy wheals, angioedema or both lasting six weeks or more. It is classified as spontaneous (CSU) and inducible urticaria (CIndU), depending whether there is an identifiable trigger or not. CSU is the predominant form, affecting more than 75% of patients, although overlaps often occur. The prevalence of CSU throughout life is around 1.8% and predominates in women at a ratio of 2:1. The higher incidence of CSU is between 20 and 40 years of age and lasts between one to five years. However, in up to 20% of patients the disease may last longer. CSU not only hampers quality of life, but also affect performance at work and school. The diagnosis of CSU is mainly clinical, and laboratory tests are required depending on the clinical history of the patient. Extensive laboratory tests are usually unnecessary. Second generation anti-histamines are used as first line treatment for CSU treatment. In refractory patients, systemic treatments, such as cyclosporine or omalizumab are suggested. We herein report the first Chilean CSU guidelines.

Erythrodermic psoriasis and human immunodeficiency virus: association and therapeutic challenges

Abstract: Erythrodermic psoriasis is a rare but severe type of psoriasis that may be triggered by human immunodeficiency virus infection. We describe the case of a 65-year-old male patient with chronic psoriasis who presents an exacerbation of his condition over a period of two weeks. Because of the severity of his case and subsequent need for systemic therapy, human immunodeficiency virus enzyme immunoassay was performed and tested positive. He thus began antiretroviral therapy combined with acitretin, showing good clinical response after 8 weeks of treatment. There is little evidence regarding the management of erythrodermic psoriasis associated with HIV infection, so antiretroviral therapy and systemic retinoid remain as the first-line treatment.

Evolución de aspectos bioéticos de la experimentación en animales: el origen del concepto "cruelty free" / Evolution of bioethical aspects of experimentation in animals: the origin of the concept "cruelty free"

Existe una preocupación creciente por los aspectos éticos involucrados en el uso de animales en los distintos aspectos de la vida cotidiana. Si bien gran parte del desarrollo científico actual se ha logrado gracias a la experimentación en animales, es una de las áreas más cuestionadas, ya que generalmente implica algún grado de sufrimiento y, en ocasiones, se busca validar productos prescindibles a través de modelos experimentales poco refinados. Los aspectos bioéticos involucrados en el uso de animales en investigación han evolucionado a través de la historia. Dada la necesidad de modelos científicos de alto estándar y la visión social crítica sobre el uso de animales de experimentación, durante el siglo XX aparecen las primeras legislaciones regulatorias. Actualmente, el uso de animales en la experimentación conlleva no solo una responsabilidad legal, sino también la obligación ética de asegurar su bienestar y minimizar los efectos adversos de las intervenciones, lo que es beneficioso tanto para el animal como para el resultado experimental. La industria cosmética es uno de los mercados donde la experimentación animal continúa siendo utilizada, amparada en la legislación de algunos países. Sin embargo, se han generado nuevas restricciones internacionales al uso de sujetos de prueba, respondiendo a la tendencia creciente en el uso de productos "libres de crueldad".

There is an increasing concern for the ethical aspects involved in the use of animals in different aspects of daily life. Although much of the current scientific development has been achieved through animal experimentation, it is one of the most questioned areas, since it generally implies some degree of suffering and, on occasions, it is sought to validate dispensable products through experimental models that are imperfect. The bioethical considerations associated with the use of research animals have evolved throughout history. Given the need for high standard scientific models and the critical social vision on the use of experimental animals, the first regulatory legislations appear during the 20th century. However, the use of animals in experimentation entails not only a legal responsibility but also the ethical obligation to ensure their welfare and minimize the adverse effects of interventions, which is beneficial both for the animal and for the experimental result. The cosmetic industry is one of the markets where animal experimentation continues to be used, protected under the legislation of some countries. However, new international restrictions have been generated on the use of test subjects, responding to the expanding trend in the use of "cruelty-free" products.

Qué debe saber el reumatólogo del compromiso de piel para el manejo de la artritis psoriática / Which must be known by the rheumatologist of the skin commitment for the management of psoriatic arthritis

La artritis psoriática es una patología inflamatoria crónica que puede afectar a articulaciones periféricas y/o axiales, las que pertenecen al “espectro psoriático”. Es una enfermedad subdiagnosticada y subtratada, que puede traer consecuencias funcionales, laborales y de calidad de vida en los individuos que la padecen. Se estima que el 30 por ciento de los pacientes con psoriasis presentan compromiso articular. Entre los factores de riesgo para desarrollarla se encuentran; psoriasis cutáneas severas, evolución prolongada de más de 10 años, obesidad y psoriasis ungueal. Esta última puede presentar alteraciones de la matriz y/o del lecho ungueal, las que se pueden manifestar aisladamente o en conjunto. El diagnóstico de la artritis psoriática y de la psoriasis ungueal puede representar un verdadero desafío. Es de gran relevancia el diagnóstico temprano y el tratamiento correcto, ya que permiten preservar una mejor funcionalidad y calidad de vida de los pacientes.

Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic inflammatory pathology that can affect both axial and peripheral joints, belonging to the “psoriatic spectrum”. It is an underdiagnosed and undertreated condition, which can bring functional, labor and quality of life consequences in individuals suffering from it. About 30 percent of patients with psoriasis also have joint involvement. Risk factors for developing the disease include severe cutaneous psoriasis of more than 10 years, obese patients and nail psoriasis. Within the nail psoriasis, there are manifestations of the nail matrix and the nail bed, which can be manifested in isolation or in conjunction. However, the differential diagnosis of these lesions and psoriatic arthritis itself can be a real challenge. Early diagnosis and correct treatment depend to a large extent on our patients having better functionality and quality of life.

Enfermedad de Still del adulto, a propósito de un caso: un desafío diagnóstico / Still disease of the adult, about a case: a diagnostic challenge

La enfermedad de Still del adulto (ESA) es una patología inflamatoria sistémica infrecuente, que se caracteriza por la tríada de fiebre, exantema evanescente y artralgias. Mujer de 57 años con historia de 7 meses de lesiones tipo máculas-habones asalmonadas, en relación a peaks febriles intermitentes. Asocia odinofagia, mialgias y artralgias. En los exámenes destaca anemia leve, VHS, PCR y ferritina elevadas. Estudio viral e inmunológico negativo. La tomografía computada de tórax, abdomen y pelvis (TC-TAP) reveló múltiples adenopatías axilares, pélvicas y esplenomegalia. La biopsia cutánea y de un linfonodo axilar, descartó patología vasculítica y neoplásica respectivamente, apoyando el diagnóstico de ESA. Se trató con prednisona 40 mg/día, con buena respuesta y sin recidivas. La ESA constituye un verdadero desafío diagnóstico, pues su clínica inespecífica y la ausencia de marcadores propician un diagnóstico tardío. Su pronóstico se relaciona con un tratamiento precoz, por lo que es fundamental un diagnóstico oportuno.

Adult-onset Still's disease (ESA) is an infrequent systemic inflammatory pathology, characterized by the triad of febrile syndrome, evanescent rash and arthralgias. A 57-year-old woman with a 7-months history of salmon-colored rash in relation to intermitent febrile peaks, asociated with odynophagia, myalgias and arthralgias. General exams showed mild anemia, elevated ESR, CRP and ferritin. Viral and immunological studies were negative. Computed tomography of the chest, abdomen and pelvis revealed multiple axillary and pelvic lymph nodes and splenomegaly. The skin and axillary lymph node biopsies, ruled out vasculitic and neoplastic pathologies respectively, supporting the diagnosis of ESA. Prednisone 40 mg daily was administered with good response and no evidence of recurrence. No evidence of relapse in subsequent controls. ESA reprsents a great diagnostic challenge, since its nonspecific clinic and the absence of pathognomonic studies lead to a late or erroneous diagnosis. Its prognosis is related to an early treatment; therefore it is essential to make en early diagnosis.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, análisis clínico e histopatológico de los últimos 14 años en población consultante del Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile / Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, clinical analysis and histopathological of the last 14 years in population consultant of the University Hospital of Chile

Introducción: El Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP) es un sarcoma cutáneo infrecuente y poco descrito en la literatura regional. En este trabajo se describió y analizó las características clínicas e histopatológicas de los DFSP tratados en nuestro centro. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de todos los casos de DFSP primarios, confirmados con biopsia entre los años 2002 y 2016 en el Servicio de Anatomía Patológica del Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile (HCUCh). Resultados: La muestra contó con 18 casos, 67% de sexo femenino, la edad promedio de diagnóstico fue 45,5 años. El 28% de los DFSP se localizaron en tronco, 22% extremidades inferiores, 22% extremidades superiores, 22% región inguinogenital y 6% cervical. Un 22% de las biopsias fueron enviadas con diagnóstico clínico presuntivo de DFSP. En la histopatología, todos los DFSP estaban compuestos por células fusiformes, distribuidas en patrón estoriforme que infiltraban hasta el tejido adiposo subcutáneo. La inmunohistoquímica se realizó en 7 casos, siendo positivo para CD34 en todas estas muestras y negativo para el factor XIIIa. En el 50% de los casos se observó compromiso de márgenes quirúrgicos. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados fueron similares a publicaciones internacionales. Se observó mayor frecuencia en mujeres y diagnóstico clínico más tardío. Se constató un bajo índice de sospecha clínica de DFSP, confundiéndose con patologías benignas, lo que podría incidir en la frecuencia de márgenes positivos del estudio. Este trabajo constituye uno de los reportes de series de casos más extensos desarrollado a nivel nacional.

Background: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare skin sarcoma barely described in regional literature. This paper described and analyzed the clinical and histopathologic features of DFSP treated in our center. Methods: Retrospective study of all cases of primary DFSP, confirmed with biopsy between 2002 and 2016 in the Department of Pathology of the University of Chile Clinical Hospital (HCUCh). Results: The sample had 18 cases, 67% female, the average age of diagnosis was 45.5 years. The 28% of DFSP were located on the trunk, 22% lower limbs, 22% upper limbs, 22% inguino-genital region and 6% on the cervical region. A 22% of the biopsies were sent with presumptive clinical diagnosis of DFSP. On histopathology, all DFSP were composed of spindle- shaped cells distributed in storiform pattern, infiltrating to the subcutaneous adipose tissue. Immunohistochemistry was performed in 7 cases, being positive for CD34 in all of these samples and negative for factor XIIIa. In 50% of cases surgical margins were positive. Conclusions: Our results were similar to international publications. Higher frequency was observed in females and a delayed clinical diagnosis. There was a low index of clinical suspicion of DFSP, often confused with benign conditions, which could have influenced the high frequency of positive margins found in the study. This paper is one of the most extensive reports of case series developed nationwide.

Electromiografía en músculos infrahioídeos: una visión fonoaudiológica / Electromyography in infrahyoid muscles: a phonoaudiological vision

El presente artículo es una revisión bibliográfica acerca de la participación de la musculatura infrahioídea en diversas actividades motoras relacionadas con la producción de la voz, el habla y la deglución. Se revisa la técnica de la electromiografía (EMG) en este grupo muscular y se relaciona la información que aporta para la actividad clínica fonoaudiológica. Se discute la utilidad que implica conocer la fisiología de la musculatura infrahioídea mediante le procedimiento de la EMG para optimizar la rehabilitación de los trastornos de la voz, el habla y la deglución en lo relativo a la evaluación y a la terapia.